Eleven entries exhibited less than 3 per cent ergot infection as against 33 0. Procedures and strategies in wheat breeding for resistance. The scientific background is explained as far as it is relevant for breeders to make. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant and hence a reduction of disease, while the term disease tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage. Finally, prevent small infestations from becoming a major problem by removing pests early. Fitness costs and tradeoffs of disease resistance and their consequences for breeding arable crops.
Insects and diseases are important constraints to rice production, and breeding pestresistant rice cultivars is one of the. Breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests request pdf. Several sources of resistance to major insect pests and diseases have been identified, and the resistance transferred into high yielding varieties in different crops. The winter breeding program has been in existence in croatia since the beginning of 20th century and is tackling the main wheat diseases in croatia through gaining a better understanding of disease function. Also, pests are kept in check by maintaining a healthy crop through cultural practices such as proper fertility and irrigation. Transgenic approaches to diseaseresistance in ornamental crops john hammond heitihsu qi huang ramon jordan kathryn kama margaret pooler summary. Soil borne diseases sick plots are created for testing resistance to such diseases. Disease are produced by a variety of organism from both plant and animal kingdoms. Pest resistance breeding may be a technical option in largescale or valuable commercial plantations if there. The book highlights the state of research in plant genetics and breeding and the results and applications of biotechnology procedures. A number of recent studies have shown that soilborne pests can also induce plant resistance aboveground and vice versa. Methods of breeding for disease and insectpest resistance. Xu d, xue q, mcelroy d et al 1996 constitutive expression of a cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene, cpti, in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to two major rice insect pests.
Markers for additional sources of resistance principal investigator. While qualitative resistance is extensively used in the other major grass crops, wheat and rice, only a few major resistance genes, such as the ht genes for resistance to northern leaf blight welz and geiger, 2000 and the rp genes for resistance to common rust ramakrishna et al. The rpg1 and ve genes are also interesting from a basic. Transgenic approaches to diseaseresistance in ornamental. Induced resistance of plants against pests and diseases via plant defense responses is well documented and can occur aboveground, in the leaves, and belowground in the roots. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Comstock2 1cirad, umr bgpi, f34398 montpellier, france.
Breeding for resistance to diseases and pests springerlink. In perennial crops, studies on apple and other stone fruits reported yield losses that reached up to. Evaluation of sorghum germplasm for resistance to insect pests. Plant breeders have been unsuccessful in the past wherever they have used a hypersensitive type of reaction to disease as the basis for resistance. Many types of resistance are highly elusive, the pathogen apparently adapting very easily them. Lec 22 population improvement programmes, recurrent selection, synthetics and composites 9 lec 23 hybrids 140143 lec 24 clonal selection 144148 lec 25 hybridization 149152 lec 26 mutation breeding 153157 lec 27 procedure for mutatuion breeding 158162 lec 28 application of mutatuion breeding 163166 lec 29 1 ploidy breeding 167180 lec 30 2 ploidy breeding 181194. Breeding for disease resistance in ornamental crops. Viral, bacterial, andfungal diseases ofornamental plants cause major losses in productivity and quality. It was discovered by ishiwaki in 1901 in diseased silkworms. Title, breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests. Banana and plantain are an important source of food security and income in many tropical areas of the world. More specifically, disease may be defined as the series of invisible and visible responses of plant cells form, function or integrity of plants and may lead to partial impairment or death of plant or its parts.
Main advantages of genetic resistance are given below. The ve genes can provide resistance to different verticillium species and are functional in potato when expressed as transgenes. Most of the transgenic research has been focused on virus resistance. Each year, wheat diseases cause severe yield losses and reduce grain quality. Crop research is often hindered by the lack of molecular tools, growth logistics, generation time and detailed genetic annotations, hence the power of model plant species. Chapter 14 plant breeding breeding for resistance to. For identification of resistant plants from the suceptible ones an artificial epidemics is created.
The scientific background is explained as far as it is relevant for breeders to make sensible choices in. Their vulnerability to diseases is augmented by the genetic uniformity of the commercial crops and the absence of efficient resistance sources and genes. This publication, which consists of 7 chapters, is the most uptodate text book on breeding crops for resistance to diseases and pests targeted towards students in plant science. The promise of genetically engineered resistance to crop diseases delivers many advantages over the alternativese. Disease is an abnormal condition in the plant produced by an organism or an environmental factor. Breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests research.
Breeding methods depend upon the mode of reproduction of a crop plant and also on a differential reaction to races and biotypes of the hostplant genotypes. Soil fumigation is expensive and potentially dangerous for inexperienced applicators, but increases yields, earliness, and controls soil borne diseases. Harms cibageigy corporation, agricultural biotechnology research, research triangle park, north carolina, usa abstract keywords modern molecular biological techniques are allowing deeper insights into plantpathogen interactions than ever before. Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pestsbiotic. Breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests r e niks, j e. Resistance to nearly all pathogens occurs abundantly in our crops. Self fertilization and population variability in the higher plants. Since plants are frequently exposed to aboveground and. Primary and secondary yield losses caused by pests and. The erosion of horizontal resistance while breeding for race specific vertical resistance is called the vertifolia effect after the potato cultivar. Breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests. Polygenic resistance, although used much less, is even more abundantly available. Mission the mission of the crop diseases, pests and genetics research unit is to conduct basic and applied research on grapevine, almonds, stone fruit, and citrus to 1 reduce losses caused by plant pathogens and insect pests, and 2 improve fruit quality, horticultural characteristics and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Niks and others published breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests find, read and cite all the research you.
On annual crops, yield losses due to pests and diseases were estimated from 24% to 41% in rice in asia, 5% to 96% in potatoes in france, and up to 7 t ha1 in wheat in france. Navigating complexity to breed diseaseresistant crops. It discusses the economic impact of pests and diseases. Fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode pathogens attack the cultivated crops. For some diseases, resistance is the only effective control. Much of the resistance exploited by breeders is of the major gene type. Breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests principles of. Bevaka breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests sa far du ett mejl nar boken gar att kopa igen. Combining vertical and horizontal resistance it is tempting to think that combining vertical resistance and horizontal resistance will provide the best of two worlds in the protection of plants. Bt toxin gene the source of the insecticidal toxins produced in commercial transgenic plants is the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis bt. Selection and breeding for insect and disease resistance. Breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests is the most uptodate text book on this topic targeted towards students in plant sciences. Therefore, available disease resistant varieties should be planted where possible. This resistance breaks down with the arrival of new races which are shown to result from deleterious or adaptive mutations and not from beneficial ones.
Niks and others published breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. This book describes the most basic elements in plantpathogen interactions and defence strategies in plants. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance 1st edition. This book is accordingly critical only of plant breeding for resistance to pests and diseases.
For the past century, modern plant breeding has been extremely successful, but it has. In such situation if the crops are made disease resistant, food production is increased and use of fungicides and bactericides would also be reduced. Midge wheat stem sawfly hessian fly yield, quality, adaptation sudden death syndrome sds brown stem rot bsr phytophthora stem rot phytophthora root rot insect and pest resistance. Resistance genes in global crop breeding networks biorxiv. Further research on bt by steinhaus 1951 lead to renewed interest in biopesticides and as a result, the more potent products such as thuricide a and dipela were. Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways. Resistant crop varieties have been selected by traditional breeding for more than 100 years, the first mention of wheat disease resistance breeding programs dating from biffen 1905. Mechanisms of defense in plants against pathogens and pests. Our knowledge of plant immunity today has been largely shaped by the use of. One of the great challenges for food security in the 21st century is to improve yield stability through the development of diseaseresistant crops. International crops research institute for the semiarid tropics. Types of genetic host resistance and their breeding approaches. The main transgenic crops improved for disease and pest resistance are soybean, maize, rapeseed, cotton, wheat, potato and rice gmo compass, 2012. Breeding crops with resistance to diseases and pests library wur.
As there is no practical limit to the number of deleterious mutants possible. Return to resistance breeding crops to reduce pesticide. Breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Gmos genetically modified to be more resistant to disease genetically modified crops to be resistant to disease canadian government techniques used in crops to be resistant to disease some crops are genetically modified so that they can be made resistant to specific types of.
Principally, hostplant genotypes are tested in a number of environments across the zones before the selection is made. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pest resistance. Air borne diseasesby spraying a suspension of spores. Screening for resistance to pearl millet ergot disease incited by clflvice. This book describes the most basic elements in plant pathogen interactions and defence strategies in plants. However, at the time, traditional breeding programs were identifying and introgressing resistance sources in crops by crossing and selecting for. Breeding for inducible resistance against pests and diseases. Evaluation of sorghum germplasm for resistance to insect. Seed borne diseasesdry spores are dusted on seeds or seeds may be soaked in a suspension of pathogen spores. Leaf rust stem rust common bunt fusarium head blight leaf spots loose smut stripe rust ergot smudgeblackpoint insect resistance.
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